Protección del ácido clorogénico frente a lesiones inducidas por venzo(a)pireno en Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Protection of chlorogenic acid against benzo(a)pyrene-induced lesions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Proteção do ácido clorogênico contra lesões induzidas por benzo(a)pireno em Saccharomyces cerevisiae

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto del ácido clorogénico, uno de los compuestos polifenólicos con mayor concentración en la infusión de Ilex paraguariensis, sobre el daño celular y molecular inducido por el benzo(a)pireno. La infusión de Ilex paraguariensis ("mate") es bebida por la mayoría de los habitantes de Argentina, Paraguay, sur de Brasil y Uruguay. La levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cepas SC7K lys2-3; SX46A y SX46Arad14() se utilizó como modelo eucariota. Las células en crecimiento exponencial se expusieron a concentraciones crecientes de benzo(a)pireno y a tratamientos combinados con una concentración de 250 ng/mL de benzo(a)pireno y ácido clorogénico a una concentración igual a la encontrada en la infusión de yerba mate. Luego de los tratamientos se determinaron fracciones de sobrevida, frecuencia mutagénica y roturas de doble cadena de ADN así como la modulación en la expresión de la proteína Rad14 a través de un análisis de Western Blot. Se observó un aumento significativo en las fracciones de sobrevida así como una disminución en la frecuencia mutagénica después de la exposición combinada con benzo(a)pireno y ácido clorogénico en comparación con los tratamientos con benzo(a)pireno como único agente. En la cepa mutante deficiente en la proteína Rad14 se observó un aumento significativo en la sensibilidad a benzo(a)pireno en comparación con la cepa SC7K lys2-3. En los tratamientos combinados de benzo(a)pireno y ácido clorogénico se observó una importante disminución de la letalidad. Con respecto a la determinación de roturas de doble cadena de ADN no se observó fraccionamiento cromosómico a la concentración de benzo(a)pireno utilizada en los experimentos. Los análisis de Western Blot mostraron un aumento en la expresión de la proteína Rad14 en las muestras tratadas con benzo(a)pireno como único agente en comparación con la muestra control. Adicionalmente se observó una disminución en la expresión de la proteína cuando en los tratamientos se utilizaron benzo(a)pireno y ácido clorogénico combinados. Los resultados indican que el ácido clorogénico disminuye significativamente la actividad mutagénica producida por el benzo(a)pireno, la cual no se encuentra relacionada con un incremento en la remoción de las lesiones inducidas por el sistema de reparación por escisión de nucleótidos.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound found at high concentrations in Ilex paraguariensis infusions, on cellular and molecular damage induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Ilex paraguariensis infusions ("mate") are consumed by most of the population in Argentina, Paraguay, southern Brazil and Uruguay. Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SC7K lys2-3; SX46A and SX46Arad14( strains) were used as eukaryotic model organisms. Cells in an exponential growth phase were exposed to increasing concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, as well as combined treatments of benzo(a)pyrene at a concentration of 250 ng/mL and chlorogenic acid at a concentration matching that which is commonly found in mate. Determinations of surviving fraction, mutagenic frequency and double strand DNA breaks induction were performed, along with the assessment of the modulation of the expression of protein Rad14 by Western Blot. A significant increase of surviving fractions and a decrease in mutagenic frequency were observed after exposure to benzo(a)pyrene plus chlorogenic acid, contrary to benzo(a)pyrene alone. A substantial increase in sensitivity to benzo(a)pyrene was observed for the Rad14 protein-deficient mutating strain when compared to the SC7K lys2-3 strain. An important decrease in lethality was observed when combined benzo(a)pyrene and chlorogenic acid treatments were applied. As for the determination of DSBs, no chromosomic fractionation was observed at the benzo(a)pyrene concentration tested in the experiments. Western Blot analysis showed an increase in the expression of protein Rad14 for samples treated with benzo(a)pyrene as a single agent when compared against the control sample. Additionally, the expression of this protein was observed to diminish when combined treatments with benzo(a)pyrene and chlorogenic acid were used. Results obtained indicate that chlorogenic acid significantly decreases the mutagenic activity of benzo(a)pyrene, which is not related to an increase in the removal of lesions induced by nucleotide excision repair system.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito do ácido clorogênico, um dos compostos polifenólicos com maior concentração na infusão de Ilex paraguariensis, sobre o dano celular e molecular induzido pelo benzopireno. A infusão de Ilex paraguariensis ("mate") é consumida pela maioria dos habitantes da Argentina, Paraguai, sul do Brasil e Uruguai. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae (cepas SC7K lys2-3; SX46A e SX46Arad14() foi utilizada como modelo eucariótico. Células em crescimento exponencial foram expostas a concentrações crescentes de benzopireno e tratamentos combinados foram realizados com uma concentração de 250 ng/mL de benzo(a)pireno e ácido clorogênico, igual à encontrada na infusão de erva-mate. Após os tratamentos, foram determinadas as frações de sobrevivência, frequência mutagênica e quebras de fita dupla do DNA, bem como a modulação na expressão da proteína Rad14 por meio de análise de Western Blot. Um aumento significativo nas frações de sobrevivência, bem como uma diminuição na frequência mutagênica foram observados após a exposição combinada de benzo(a)pireno e ácido clorogênico em comparação com tratamentos de agente único de benzo(a)pireno. Um aumento significativo na sensibilidade ao benzo(a)pireno foi observado na cepa mutante deficiente em proteína Rad14 em comparação com a cepa SC7K lys2-3. Nos tratamentos combinados de benzo(a)pireno e ácido clorogênico, observou-se uma diminuição significativa na letalidade. Com relação à determinação das quebras de fita dupla de DNA, não foi observado fracionamento cromossômico na concentração de benzo(a)pireno utilizada nos experimentos. A partir da análise de Western Blot, observou-se um aumento na expressão da proteína Rad14 nas amostras tratadas com benzo(a)pireno como agente único em relação à amostra controle. Além disso, uma diminuição na expressão da proteína foi observada quando combinados de benzo(a)pireno e ácido clorogênico foram usados ​​nos tratamentos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que o ácido clorogênico diminui significativamente a atividade mutagênica produzida pelo benzo(a)pireno, a qual não está relacionada a um aumento na remoção de lesões induzidas pelo sistema de reparo por excisão de nucleotídeos.

Limited Role of Promoter Methylation of and in Triage of Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>Background</b>Promoter methylation of MGMT and C13ORF18 has been confirmed as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of MGMT and C13ORF18 promoter methylation for triage of cytology screening samples and explore the potential mechanism.</p><p><b>Methods</b>Methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting was used to detect promoter methylation of MGMT and C13ORF18 in 124 cervical samples. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) was detected by the Digene Hybrid Capture 2. Gene methylation frequencies in relation to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were analyzed. Frequencies were compared by Chi-square tests. The expression of gene biomarkers and methylation regulators was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot.</p><p><b>Results</b>For triage of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), gene methylation increased specificity from 4.0% of HR-HPV detection to 30.8% of MGMT (χ = 9.873, P = 0.002) and to 50.0% of C13ORF18 (χ = 21.814, P = 0.001). For triage of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, HR-HPV detection had higher positive predictive value of 54.8%. Either MGMT or C13ORF18 methylation combined with HR-HPV increased the negative predictive value to 100.0% (χ = 9.757, P = 0.002). There was no relationship between MGMT and C13ORF18 expression and DNA methylation (χ = 0.776, P = 0.379 and χ = 1.411, P = 0.235, respectively). MBD2 protein level in cervical cancer was relatively lower than normal cervical tissue (t = 4.11, P = 0.006).</p><p><b>Conclusions</b>HR-HPV detection is the cornerstone for triage setting of CIN. Promoter methylation of MGMT and C13ORF18 plays a limited role in triage of LSIL. Promoter methylation of both genes may not be the causes of gene silence.</p>

Clinical and molecular analysis of two Chinese siblings with Cockayne syndrome / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Cockayne syndrome is a rare disease and difficult to be recognized. This study aimed to expand the knowledge of the clinical and molecular characteristics of the children with Cockayne syndrome (CS).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Clinical data of two siblings with classic CS of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from July 2013 to November 2014 were obtained and analyzed. The whole DNA of peripheral blood was collected from two CS siblings and their parents. Amplification of all exons and adjacent introns for ERCC6 gene was conducted using PCR, and measurement of reaction product was performed to find mutation sites by two-way sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Two affected siblings were males, and came from unconsanguineous parents, 7 years and 5 months old and 4 years and 8 months old, respectively. They were in treatment because of developmental and mental retardation for years. When they were younger than one year of age, their heights and weight were within normal limits. However, poor growth of height and weight and psychomotor retardation appeared after one and a half years of age, as well as skin and eye sensitivity to sunshine, hearing impairment, optic nerve atrophy, microcephaly, and deep-set eyes. The proband's height was 90.8 cm, and weight 9.1 kg, head circumference 41 cm, and chest circumference 44 cm when he was taken to hospital. The elder brother of the proband had a height of 92 cm, weight 11.2 kg, head circumference 41 cm, and chest circumference 44 cm when he was taken to hospital. When the proband was four and a half years old, ventricular enlargement, hypomyelination, and brain atrophy were detected for his elder brother at 7 years of age by cranial MRI. MRS imaging indicated that damages occurred at the left and right sides of dorsal thalamus, lobus insularis, along with the left half circle of central neurons. Symmetrical calcification on bilateral basal ganglia was found on the brain CT scan. Pathogenic compound heterozygous c. 1357C > T (p.Arg453Ter) and c. 1607T > G (p.Leu536Trp) mutations of ERCC6 gene were identified in the two siblings which were separately inherited from their unaffected parents.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CS children are usually normal at birth, however, they have severe clinical characteristics such as poor growth, psychomotor retardation, cerebral injury, microcephalus, deep-set eyes, and skin sensitivity to sunshine. ERCC6 gene mutation usually occurs, and it is easy to misdiagnose CS as cerebral palsy, primary microcephaly, and so on.</p>

DNA mismatch repair-related protein loss as a prognostic factor in endometrial cancers / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Recent investigations have revealed DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutations are closely related with carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer; however the impact of MMR protein expression on prognosis is not determined. Correlations between MMR-related protein expression and clinicopathological factors of endometrial cancers are analyzed in the present study. METHODS: A total of 191 endometrial cancer tissues treated between 1990 and 2007 in our hospital were enrolled. Immunoreactions for MSH2, MLH1, MSH6, and PMS2 on tissue microarray specimens and clinicopathological features were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Seventy-six cases (40%) had at least one immunohistochemical alteration in MMR proteins (MMR-deficient group). There were statistically significant differences of histology, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, and histological grade between MMR-deficient group and the other cases (MMR-retained group). Response rate of first-line chemotherapy in evaluable cases was slightly higher in MMR-deficient cases (67% vs. 44%, p=0.34). MMR-deficient cases had significantly better progression-free and overall survival (OS) compared with MMR-retained cases. Multivariate analysis revealed MMR status was an independent prognostic factor for OS in endometrial cancers. CONCLUSION: MMR-related proteins expression was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS, suggesting that MMR was a key biomarker for further investigations of endometrial cancers.

Association between polymorphism of RAD50 gene and acute lymphoid leukemia in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs17166050) in RAD50 gene and acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 177 ALL children from Wuhan and surrounding areas and 232 healthy children were selected. The numbers of standard-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk children were 66, 69, and 42, respectively. The genotypes of SNP in RAD50 gene were determined using PCR-RFLP, and the relationship of the RAD50 polymorphism with ALL susceptibility and clinical risk was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The genotype (AA, GA, and GG) distribution of SNP in RAD50 gene showed significant differences between the ALL and control groups (P=0.038), and G allele was significantly associated with ALL susceptibility (OR=1.459, 95% CI: 1.034-2.057, P=0.031). However, the SNP was not associated with the risk stratification of ALL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The SNP (rs17166050) in RAD50 gene is associated with the susceptibility to ALL in children, but is not associated with the risk stratification of ALL.</p>

Analysis of the relationship of DNA mismatch repair with clinicopathologic features and prognosis of colon cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the relationship between DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and clinicopathologic features and prognosis in patients with stages II and III colon cancers.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical and pathological data of 440 patients with stage II/III colon cancer after radical resection were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the expression of MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2), and the correlation between DNA MMR and clinicopathological features and prognosis of colon cancers was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 440 tumor samples tested for DNA mismatch repair status, 90 (20.5%) demonstrated defective DNA mismatch repair and 350 (79.5%) had proficient DNA mismatch repair. Defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) was associated with young patients (≤ 60), proximal colon cancer, stage II, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma (P<0.05 for all). Among the 440 patients, 126 (28.6%) cases had recurrence or metastasis and 93 (21.1%) died during the median follow-up of 61.0 months. The five-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 82.2% among the patients with tumor exhibiting dMMR, significantly higher than that in patients with tumors exhibiting pMMR (68.9%, P=0.02). The univariate and mutlivariate analyses showed that the MMR status is an independent factor affecting 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival (OS) in colon cancer patients (P<0.05 for both).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR) is associated with patients with proximal colon cancer, stage II and poorly defferentiated adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma. The prognosis for patients with dMMR is better than those with pMMR. dMMR may be a useful biomarker for the prognosis of colon cancer.</p>

Relationship between promoter methylation & tissue expression of MGMT gene in ovarian cancer.

Background & objectives: Epigenetic alterations, in addition to multiple gene abnormalities, are involved in the genesis and progression of human cancers. Aberrant methylation of CpG islands within promoter regions is associated with transcriptional inactivation of various tumour suppressor genes. O6-methyguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is a DNA repair gene that removes mutagenic and cytotoxic adducts from the O6-position of guanine induced by alkylating agents. MGMT promoter hypermethylation and reduced expression has been found in some primary human carcinomas. We studied DNA methylation of CpG islands of the MGMT gene and its relation with MGMT protein expression in human epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Methods: A total of 88 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissue samples, 14 low malignant potential (LMP) tumours and 20 benign ovarian tissue samples were analysed for MGMT promoter methylation by nested methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) after bisulphite modification of DNA. A subset of 64 EOC samples, 10 LMP and benign tumours and five normal ovarian tissue samples were analysed for protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: The methylation frequencies of the MGMT gene promoter were found to be 29.5, 28.6 and 20 per cent for EOC samples, LMP tumours and benign cases, respectively. Positive protein expression was observed in 93.8 per cent of EOC and 100 per cent in LMP, benign tumours and normal ovarian tissue samples. Promoter hypermethylation with loss of protein expression was seen only in one case of EOC. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggest that MGMT promoter hypermethylation does not always reflect gene expression.

Genetic analysis for a family with Cockayne syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify potential mutations among three sisters from a Chinese family suspected with Cockayne syndrome for growth and psychomotor retardation, and to offer genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>G-banded karyotyping, microarray comparative genomic hybridization (CM-CGH), whole genome exon high-throughput sequencing and Sanger sequencing were employed to identify potential genetic variations for the three patients and their parents.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Whole exome sequencing has identified two novel missense mutations, i.e., c.1595A>G (p.Asp532Gly) and c.1607T>G (p.Leu536Trp), in exon 7 of excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 6 (ERCC6) gene. Sanger sequencing confirmed that all of the three sisters have inherited one of the mutations (c.1607T>G) from their father and another (c.1595A>G) from their mother.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Three sisters have all been identified as double heterozygote for mutations c.1607T>G and c.1595A>G and were diagnosed with Cockayne syndrome.</p>

Molecular biology of high-grade gliomas: what should the clinician know? / 癌症

The current World Health Organization classification system of primary brain tumors is solely based on morphologic criteria. However, there is accumulating evidence that tumors with similar histology have distinct molecular signatures that significantly impact treatment response and survival. Recent practice-changing clinical trials have defined a role for routine assessment of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients, especially in the elderly, and 1p and 19q codeletions in patients with anaplastic glial tumors. Recently discovered molecular alterations including mutations in IDH-1/2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and BRAF also have the potential to become targets for future drug development. This article aims to summarize current knowledge on the molecular biology of high-grade gliomas relevant to daily practice.

Radiation and concomitant chemotherapy for patients with glioblastoma multiforme / 癌症

Postoperative external beam radiotherapy was considered the standard adjuvant treatment for patients with glioblastoma multiforme until the advent of using the drug temozolomide (TMZ) in addition to radiotherapy. High-dose volume should be focal, minimizing whole brain irradiation. Modern imaging, using several magnetic resonance sequences, has improved the planning target volume definition. The total dose delivered should be in the range of 60 Gy in fraction sizes of 1.8-2.0 Gy. Currently, TMZ concomitant and adjuvant to radiotherapy has become the standard of care for glioblastoma multiforme patients. Radiotherapy dose-intensification and radiosensitizer approaches have not improved the outcome. In spite of the lack of high quality evidence, stereotactic radiotherapy can be considered for a selected group of patients. For elderly patients, data suggest that the same survival benefit can be achieved with similar morbidity using a shorter course of radiotherapy (hypofractionation). Elderly patients with tumors that exhibit methylation of the O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter can benefit from TMZ alone.

Cloning, expression and protective efficacy evaluation of radiation sensitive protein 23 (RAD23) from Schistosoma japonicum / 生物工程学报

Radiation sensitive protein 23 (RAD23) is a nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein that plays an important role in Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP). Schistosoma japonicum radiation sensitive protein23 (SjRAD23) cDNA sequences were amplified by PCR and cloned into pET28a (+) vector to construct recombinant expression plasmid pET28a(+)-SjRAD23. The recombinant protein was expressed as both inclusion bodies and the supernatant in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cell. Immunofluorescence observation shows that SjRAD23 was mainly distributed on the tegument surface of the worms. ELISA assay reveals that specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies could be detected in the sera of rSjRAD23 immunized mice. Western blotting analysis shows that the recombinant SjRAD23 could be recognized by serum specific to soluble adult worm antigen of S. japonicum. BALB/c mice vaccinated with rSjRAD23 combined with 206 adjuvant revealed 35.94% worm reduction and 40.59% liver egg reduction when compared with that of the adjuvant control

A study of the substitution effect of hOGG1 and hMTH1 in oxidative DNA damage with gene-deficient cell strains / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the potential substitution effect of hOGG1 and hMTH1 on oxidative DNA damage, based on gene-deficient cell strains models.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>hOGG1 and hMTH1 gene deficient cell strains models were established by Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HFL) cells. After HFL cells being exposed to 100 µmol/L H₂O₂ for 12 h, HPLC-EC detecting technique and RT-PCR method were adopted to analyze the genetic expression level of 8-oxo-dG (7, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The gene-deficient cell strains models of hOGG1 and hMTH1 were obtained by infecting target cells with high titer of lentivirus. The mRNA expression level of hOGG1 was 0.09 ± 0.02, 91% lower than it in normal HFL cells, which was 1.00 ± 0.04. As the same, the mRNA expression level of hMTH1 (0.41 ± 0.04) also decreased by 60% compared with it in normal HFL cells (1.02 ± 0.06). After induced by 100 µmol/L H₂O₂ for 12 h, the genetic expression level of hMTH1 in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (1.26 ± 0.18) increased 25% compared with it in control group (1.01 ± 0.07). Meanwhile, the genetic expression level of hOGG1 in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.54 ± 0.25) also increased by 52%. The DNA 8-oxo-dG levels in hOGG1 gene-deficient cells (2.48 ± 0.54) was 3.1 times compared with it in the control group (0.80 ± 0.16), the difference showed statistical significance (P < 0.01). Whereas the 8-oxo-dG levels in hMTH1 gene-deficient cells (1.84 ± 0.46) was 2.3 times of it in the control group, the difference also showed statistical significance (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on gene-deficient HFL cells models, a synergetic substitution effect on DNA damage and repair activity by both hOGG1 and hMTH1 were firstly discovered when induced by oxidation. The substitution effect of hOGG1 were stronger than that of hMTH1.</p>

IDH1 mutation and MGMT expression in astrocytoma and the relationship with prognosis after radiotherapy / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the correlation between IDH1 mutation, MGMT expression, clinicopathologic features and post-radiotherapy prognosis in patients with astrocytoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Detection of IDH1 mutation and MGMT expression was carried out in 48 cases of astrocytoma (WHO grade II to III) by EnVision method with immunohistochemical staining. Follow-up data, including treatment response and overall survival time, were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The rates of IDH1 mutation and MGMT expression in astrocytomas were 62.7% (30/48) and 47.9% (23/48), respectively. There was a negative correlation between IDH1 mutation and MGMT expression (r = -0.641, P < 0.01). The age of patients with IDH1 mutation was younger at disease onset. The IDH1 mutation rate in patients with WHO grade II astrocytoma was higher than that in patients with WHO grade III tumor (P < 0.05). The age at onset was an independent factor affecting the expression of mutant IDH1. After radiotherapy, patients with IDH1 mutation+/MGMT- tumor carried a longer overall survival time than patients with IDH1 mutation-/MGMT+ tumor (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There is a correlation between IDH1 mutation and MGMT expression in WHO grade II to III astrocytoma. Age at onset is an independent factor affecting the expression of mutant IDH1. Tumors with IDH1+/MGMT- pattern show better response to radiotherapy than tumors with IDH1-/MGMT+ pattern. Detection of IDH1 mutation and MGMT protein expression can provide some guidance in choice of treatment modalities in patients with astrocytoma.</p>

Phytoestrogen -zearalanol ameliorates memory impairment and neuronal DNA oxidation in ovariectomized mice

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a novel phytoestrogen, α-Zearalanol, on Alzheimer's disease-related memory impairment and neuronal oxidation in ovariectomized mice. METHODS: Female C57/BL6 mice were ovariectomized or received sham operations and treatment with equivalent doses of 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol for 8 weeks. Their spatial learning and memory were analyzed using the Morris water maze test. The antioxidant enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species generation, neuronal DNA oxidation, and MutT homolog 1 expression in the hippocampus were measured. RESULTS: Treatment with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol significantly improved spatial learning and memory performance in ovariectomized mice. In addition, 17β-estradiol and α-Zearalanol attenuated the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and increased reactive oxygen species production in ovariectomized mice. The findings indicated a significant elevation in hippocampi neuronal DNA oxidation and reduction in MutT homolog 1 expression in estrogen-deficient mice, but supplementation with 17β-estradiol or α-Zearalanol efficaciously ameliorated this situation. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that α-Zearalanol is potentially beneficial for improving memory impairments and neuronal oxidation damage in a manner similar to that of 17β-estradiol. Therefore, the compound may be a potential therapeutic agent that can ameliorate neurodegenerative disorders related to estrogen deficiency. .

Radiobiological characteristics and MRN complex expression of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the radiobiological characteristic of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1 and CNE2 and the changes in expression MRN (Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1) complex in the cell lines exposed to irradiation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>CNE1 and CNE2 were irradiated by a linear accelerator. Radiobiological characteristics were detected by colony assay and MTT assay. MRN complex expression were examined by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2), quasi-threshold Dose (Dq), and mean lethal dose (Do) of CNE1 were 0.56, 1.449 Gy and 1.480 Gy; SF2, Dq, and Do of CNE2 were 0.44, 0.776 Gy and 1.685 Gy, respectively. Survival fraction of CNE1 at the day 6 after 4 Gy irradiation was 0.59 and that of CNE2 was 0.79 when compared with control, with the up-regulated expressions of Rad50 in CNE1 and Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 in CNE2 (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CNE1 and CNE2 were sensitive to radiation, but there were radioresistance cells in CNE2. The expressions of some components of MRN complex were up-regulated to repair DNA lesions induced by radiation.</p>

Immunophenotypes and gene mutations in colorectal precancerous lesions and adenocarcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze immunophenotypes and gene mutations of colorectal precancerous lesions and adenocarcinoma, and to compare the difference of carcinogenetic mechanisms between the two precancerous lesions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-three cases of colorectal serrated lesions including 30 hyperplastic polyps, 20 sessile serrated adenomas (SSA) and 3 mixed polyps were collected from January 2006 to June 2012.Forty-five cases of traditional adenomas and 50 cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas were also recruited. Thirty hyperplastic polyps, 20 cases of SSA, 3 mixed polyps and 45 traditional adenomas were investigated by immunohistochemistry for the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6) and DNA methyltransferase MGMT. Mutations of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA genes in 10 cases of SSAs, 10 traditional adenomas, 1 mixed polyps and 50 colorectal adenocarcinomas were analyzed by PCR followed by direct Sanger sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Only 3 cases of hyperplastic polyps lost MLH1 expression, and none of SSAs or traditional adenomas showed loss of MLH1. The negative expression rates of MSH2, MSH6 and MGMT in hyperplastic polyps and SSA were significantly higher than those of traditional adenomas. (2) KRAS mutation was found in 5/10 cases of SSAs, 5/10 traditional adenomas and 1/1 mixed polyps. (3) Colorectal adenocarcinomas harbored the mutations of KRAS (48%, 24/50), BRAF (6%, 3/50) and PIK3CA (4%, 2/50).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Immunophenotypic and gene mutation profiles are different between colorectal serrated lesion and traditional adenoma. Alterations of MMR and MGMT expression play important roles in the pathogenesis of "serrated neoplasm". KRAS mutation is a significant genetic change in the early phase of colorectal carcinogenesis.</p>

Association of ERCC6 gene polymorphisms and DNA damage in lymphocytes among coke oven workers / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association between ERCC6 gene polymorphisms and peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA damage among the workers in coking plant.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>By cluster sampling, 379 coke oven workers having worked for 8 hours were included in the exposure group, 398 coke oven workers having rested for more than 16 hours were included in the recovery group, and 398 workers having never been exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the same plant were included in the control group. Lymphocytes were separated from their peripheral venous blood, and single cell gel electrophoresis was used to evaluate DNA damage; TaqMan-MGB probes were used to analyze ERCC6 gene polymorphisms. PHASE 2.0.2 genetic analysis software was used to calculate the haplotypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The Olive tail moment (OTM) of lymphocytes in the exposure group was significantly higher than those in the recovery group and control group (-0.86±0.70 vs -1.14±0.68 and -1.13±0.65, P < 0.05). In the exposure group, for workers ≥37 years old, the OTM of lymphocytes in workers carrying CG+GG genotype at rs3793784 locus of ERCC6 gene was significantly lower than that in workers carrying CC genotype (P < 0.05); the OTM of lymphocytes in workers <37years old carrying CC genotype at rs3793784 locus of ERCC6 gene was significantly lower than that in workers ≥37 years old carrying CC genotype (P < 0.05); the OTMof lymphocytes in workers <37 years old carrying CG+GG genotype at rs3793784 locus of ERCC6 gene was significantly higher than that in workers ≥37 years old carrying CG+GG genotype (P < 0.05). For patients with internal exposure, in the 1-hydroxypyrene >4.36 ümol/L group, the OTM of lymphocytes in workers carrying AG+GG genotype was significantly higher than that in workers carrying AA genotype (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Different genotypes of ERCC6 gene rs3793784 in peripheral blood lymphocytes of coke oven workers exposed to PAHs have different functions at different ages, suggesting that genotype may interact with age in population exposed to PAHs.</p>

The genetic diversity of genus Bacillus and the related genera revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequences and ardra analyses isolated from geothermal regions of turkey

Previously isolated 115 endospore-forming bacilli were basically grouped according to their temperature requirements for growth: the thermophiles (74%), the facultative thermophiles (14%) and the mesophiles (12%). These isolates were taken into 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, and they were clustered among the 7 genera: Anoxybacillus, Aeribacillus, Bacillus, Brevibacillus, Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Thermoactinomycetes. Of these bacilli, only the thirty two isolates belonging to genera Bacillus (16), Brevibacillus (13), Paenibacillus (1) and Thermoactinomycetes (2) were selected and presented in this paper. The comparative sequence analyses revealed that the similarity values were ranged as 91.4-100 %, 91.8- 99.2 %, 92.6- 99.8 % and 90.7 - 99.8 % between the isolates and the related type strains from these four genera, respectively. Twenty nine of them were found to be related with the validly published type strains. The most abundant species was B. thermoruber with 9 isolates followed by B. pumilus (6), B. lichenformis (3), B. subtilis (3), B. agri (3), B. smithii (2), T. vulgaris (2) and finally P. barengoltzii (1). In addition, isolates of A391a, B51a and D295 were proposed as novel species as their 16S rRNA gene sequences displayed similarities ¡Ü 97% to their closely related type strains. The AluI-, HaeIII- and TaqI-ARDRA results were in congruence with the 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. The ARDRA results allowed us to differentiate these isolates, and their discriminative restriction fragments were able to be determined. Some of their phenotypic characters and their amylase, chitinase and protease production were also studied and biotechnologically valuable enzyme producing isolates were introduced in order to use in further studies.

Indian studies on genetic polymorphisms and cancer risk.

Genetic influences on cancer development have been extensively investigated during the last decade following publication of human genome sequence. The present review summarizes case-control studies on genetic polymorphisms and cancer risk in Indians. It is observed that the most commonly studied genes in the Indian population included members of phase I and phase II metabolic enzymes. Other than these genes, genetic polymorphisms for cell cycle and apoptosis-related factors, DNA repair enzymes, immune response elements, growth factors, folate metabolizing enzymes, vitamin/hormone receptors, etc., were investigated. Several studies also evidenced a stronger risk for combined genotypes rather than a single polymorphism. Gene-environment interaction was also found to be a determining factor for cancer development in some experiments. Data for single polymorphism and single cancer type, however, was insufficient to validate an association. It appears that much more experiments involving larger sample size, cross-tabulating genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors are required in order to identify genetic markers for different cancers in Indian populations.

Expression of MMR in endometrial adenocarcinoma in women under 50 years old / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) in endometrial adenocarcinoma (EC) of patients under 50 years and to explore the relationship between MMR expression and clinicopathological features including body mass index (BMI), histological grade and pathological stage of EC.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MMR gene expression was investigated by immunohistochemical S-P method in endometrial adenocarcinomas of patients under age of 50. The control groups included complexity atypical hyperplasia endometrium (CAHE), simple hyperplasia endometrium (SHE), normal endometrium (NE) of patients under age of 50 and EC of patients older than 65 years.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty seven of 40 EC (67.5%) lost at least one MMR protein expression. Loss of at least one MMR protein expression was seen in 5/15 cases of CAHE, 1/13 SHE and 1/11 NE, respectively (P < 0.01). The rates of loss of expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH and PMS2 proteins in EC were 52.5%, 12.5%, 35.0%, and 30.0%, respectively. The difference between MLH1 and MSH6 expression among the four groups were significant (P < 0.05), but the expression of MSH2 showed no significant difference among the groups (P = 0.295). The expression of MMR protein had no relationship with histological grade and pathological stage, although loss of MSH6 was more frequently seen in patients of higher BMI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Abnormal expression of MMR proteins is correlated with the development of EC from complex atypical hyperplasia. With the exception of the correlation of MSH6 expression with higher BMI, the expression of MMR proteins in EC has no significant relationship with histological grade and pathological stage.</p>